簧术语
技术弹簧词汇表
我们的弹簧术语表是一份清晰且结构化的参考指南，涵盖弹簧制造中使用的所有术语。在此，您将找到与机械弹簧工程相关的最重要术语的定义，以及相关的计算方法、公差和标准。
Active coils: Those coils of a spring that at any instant are contributing to the rate of the spring. These are the coils free to deflect under load.
Angle of grind: The angle subtended by the ground end surface of the spring at the intersection of the plane of the ground surface with the major axis of the spring.
Angular Relationship of Ends Relative: The position of hooks or loops of an extension spring (or ends of a torsion spring) to each other.
Baking: The heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.
Block: See Solid Height.
Bow: The maximum deviation between any coil of a spring and a datum surface or straight edge on which the spring is laid.
Buckling: The unstable lateral distortion of the major axis of a spring when compressed. This bowing or lateral displacement of a compression spring is related to the slenderness ratio L/D.
Chamfering: The removal of a corner on the inside and/or outside diameter of the ground face of a spring to clear a radius on the spring seat.
Closed and Ground Ends: This is the same as Closed Ends, except the first and last coils are ground to provide a flat bearing surface. These are also referred to as Squared and Ground Ends. This type of end coil is applicable only to springs where the diameter or axial dimension of the material is 0.5 mm or greater.
Closed End: The end of a helical spring in which the helix angle of the end coil has been progressively reduced until the end coil touches the adjacent coil. These are also referred to as Squared Ends.
Closed Length: See Solid Height.
Close Wound: Adjacent coils are touching.
Coils Per Inch: The number of coils in one inch.
Compression Spring: A spring whose dimension, in the direction of the applied force, reduces under the action of that force.
Compression Test: A test carried out by pressing a spring to a specified length a specified number of times.
Coning: An operation in which the diameter of the ends of an extension or compression spring is reduced.
Countersink: An internal chamfer.
Cramp Test: A test carried out by compressing a spring to a specified length for a defined period.
Creep: The change in length of a spring with time when subjected to a constant force.
Damper Coils: Coils that are active at the free length but inactive at the normal operating length.
Dead Coils: Coils of a spring that do not affect the rate of the spring.
Deflection (F): The relative displacement of the ends of a spring under the application of a force.
Edge Dressing: The removal of material from the outside edge of the end coils where they protrude beyond the outside diameter of the spring.
Elastic Deformation: The deformation that takes place when a material is subjected to a stress up to its elastic limit. On removal of the force causing this deformation, the material returns to its original size and shape.
Elastic Limit (also limit of proportionality): The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent deformation. It is the highest stress that can be applied to a material without producing permanent deformation.
End Fixation Factor: A factor used in the calculation of buckling to take account of the method of locating the end of the spring.
Endurance Limit: The maximum stress, at a given stress ratio, at which material will operate in a given environment for a stated number of cycles without failure. This is also referred to as fatigue strength, which is a stress condition under which a material will have a life of a given number of cycles.
Extension Spring: A spring whose length, in the direction of the applied force, increases under the action of that force.
Fatigue: The phenomenon that gives rise to a type of failure which takes place under conditions involving repeated or fluctuating stresses below the elastic limit of the material.
Fatigue Limit: The value, which may be statistically determined, of the stress condition below which material may endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
Fatigue Test: A test to determine the number of cycles of stress that will produce failure of a component or test piece.
Finish: A coating applied to protect or decorate springs.
Fitted Length: The length of a spring when assembled into position within a mechanism from which it is required to function.
Fixture Tempering: Restraining parts during tempering to improve dimensional control.
Free Angle: The angular relationship between arms of a helical torsion spring which is not under load.
Free Length (L): The overall length of a spring which is not under load. For extension springs, this may include the anchor ends.
Gauging: The removal of metal from the end faces of a spring by the use of abrasive wheels to obtain a flat surface which is square with the spring axis.
Gradient: See Rate.
Grinding: The removal of metal from the end faces of a spring by the use of abrasive wheels to obtain a flat surface which is square with the spring axis.
Group A springs: Springs that have or have not been stress relieved after forming.
Group B springs: Springs, the material of which has undergone a structural change by heat treatment after forming.
Hand: The direction in which the helix of a spring is formed, i.e. right or left.
Heat Setting: A process to pre-relax a spring in order to improve stress relaxation resistance in service.
Heat stabilization: The process of removing primary creep and inducing beneficial stresses into a spring, so that, when the spring is subjected to an operating stress and temperature, it will exhibit improved stress temperature relaxation properties.
Helical Spring: A spring made by forming material into a helix. This category includes compression, extension and torsion springs.
Helix Angle: The angle of the helix of a helical coil spring.
Hooks: Open loops or ends of extension springs that are generally longer than a standard loops.
Hysteresis: The lagging of the effect behind the cause of the effect. It is mechanical energy loss occurring during loading and unloading of a spring within the elastic range and is illustrated by the area between load-deflection curves.
Index: The ratio of the mean coil diameter of a spring to the material diameter for circular sections or radial width of cross-section for rectangular or trapezoidal sections. Also referred to as Spring Index.
Initial Tension (Pi): The part of the force exerted, when a close coiled spring is axially extended, that is not attributable to the product of the theoretical rate and the measured deflection. This force tends to keep coils of a close wound extension spring closed and must be overcome before the coils start to open.
Inside coil diameter of a spring: The diameter of the cylindrical envelope formed by the inside surface of the coils of a spring.
Linearity: The degree by which the force-deflection curve of a spring approaches a straight line.
Load Test: A test on a spring to determine either the force at a given length or the length under a given force.
Loop (eye, hook): The formed anchoring point of a helical spring or wire form. When applied to an extension spring, it is usually called a loop. If closed, it may be termed an eye and if partially open may be termed a hook. Loops are circular formed ends that provide a means for attachment.
Mean Coil Diameter (M): The average diameter of the mass of spring material, equal to one-half the sum of the outside and inside diameters. In a helical spring, this is the equivalent to the outside diameter minus one wire diameter. It is also defined as the mean diameter of the outside coil diameter and inside coil diameter of a spring, calculated as D_o - d.
Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range. This is also known as Young's modulus (E) and that in shear as the modulus of rigidity (G).
Modulus in Shear or Torsion (G): (Modulus of Rigidity) The coefficient of stiffness used for compression and extension springs.
Modulus in Tension or Bending (E): (Young's Modulus) The coefficient of stiffness used for torsion or flat springs.
Moment (M): A product of the distance from the spring axis to the point of load application, and the force component normal to the distance line.
Natural Frequency: The frequency at which a spring will freely vibrate once it has been excited. It is also defined as the lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring vibrating between its own ends.
Open End: The end of an open coiled helical spring in which the helix angle of the end coil has not been progressively reduced.
Outside Coil Diameter: The diameter of the cylindrical envelope formed by the outside surface of the coils of a spring.
Parallelism: The degree to which the two ground ends of a spring are parallel to each other.
Passivation: An acid treatment for stainless steel which removes iron deposits and improves corrosion resistance.
Patenting: The process of heating carbon steel above its critical temperature and cooling at a controlled rate to achieve a fine paralytic microstructure.
Permanent Set: The permanent deformation of a spring after the application and removal of a force. This is a change of length, height or position after a spring is stressed beyond the material's elastic limit.
Pitch (p): The distance from any point in the section of one coil to the corresponding point in the next coil when measured parallel to the axis of the spring. For an open-wound spring, it is the distance from center to center of wire in adjacent coils.
Plain Ends: End coils of a helical spring having a constant pitch and ends not squared.
Plain Ends, Ground: Same as Plain Ends, except wire ends are ground square with the axis.
Preset: See Set Removal.
Prestressing or scragging: A process during which internal stresses are induced into a spring. It is achieved by subjecting the spring to a stress greater than that to which it is subjected under working conditions and higher than the elastic limit of the material. The elastic deformation will reduce the prestress and improve stress temperature relaxation properties.
Rate(R) (also stiffness): The force that has to be applied in order to produce unit deflection. Generally expressed as Lbs/in or N/mm. Also referred to as Gradient.
Relaxation: Loss of force of a spring with time when deflected to a fixed position. The degree of relaxation is dependent upon, and increases with, the magnitude of stress, temperature and time.
Residual Range: The deflection of a spring available beyond the maximum working position up to the solid position.
Residual Stress: Stress mechanically induced by such means as set removal, shot-peening, cold working, or forming. It may be beneficial or not, depending on the spring application.
Safe Deflection: The maximum deflection that can be applied to a spring without exceeding the elastic limit of the material.
Screw Insert: A plug screwed into the ends of a helical extension spring as a means of attaching a spring to another component. The plug has an external thread, the diameter, pitch and form of which match those of the spring.
Set Permanent: Change of length, height or position after a spring is stressed beyond material's elastic limit.
Set Point: Stress at which some arbitrarily chosen amount of set (usually 2%) occurs. Set percentage is the set divided by the deflection which produced it.
Set Removal: An operation which causes a permanent loss of length or height due to spring deflection.
Shot Peening: A cold working process in which shot is impacted on the surfaces of springs thereby inducing beneficial stresses in the outside fibres of the material. This improves fatigue life. The algebraic sum of residual and applied stresses in the outside fibres is lower than the applied stress, resulting in improved fatigue life.
Slenderness Ratio: Ratio of spring length to mean diameter L/D in helical springs.
Solid Force: The theoretical force of a spring when compressed to its solid length.
Solid Height (H): The length of a compression spring when deflected under sufficient load to bring all adjacent coils into contact - no additional deflection is possible. Also referred to as Block and Closed Length.
Solid Length: The overall length of a helical spring when each and every coil is in contact.
Space (also coil gap space): The distance between one coil and the next coil in an open coiled helical spring measured parallel to the axis of the spring.
Spiral Springs: Springs formed from flat strip or wire wound in the form of a spiral, loaded by torque about an axis normal to the plane of the spiral.
Spring Index: Ratio of mean diameter to wire diameter.
Spring Seat: Part of a mechanism that receives the ends of a spring and which may include a bore or spigot to centralize the spring.
Squareness: The maximum out-of-alignment of one end of a spring from the other. It is the angular deviation between the axis of a compression spring in a free state and a line normal to the end planes. It is measured by standing the spring on a datum surface and measuring the maximum deviation of the coil from a square edge.
Squareness Under Load: Same as Squareness but measured while there is a load applied to the spring.
Stress (also bending stress, shear stress): Force divided by the area over which it acts. For torsion springs, it is in torsion or shear; for compression and extension springs, it is in bending.
Stress Correction Factor: A factor that is introduced to make allowance for the fact that the distribution of shear stress across the wire diameter is non-uniform. The stress is higher on the inside of the coil than it is on the outside.
Stress Range: The difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads. It is the difference between the stresses induced by the minimum and maximum applied forces in a component subjected to cyclic loading.
Stress Ratio: Minimum stress divided by maximum stress.
Stress Relief: A low temperature heat treatment given springs to relieve residual stresses produced by prior cold forming. This is also referred to as Stress Relieving, which is low temperature heat treatment carried out at temperatures where there is no apparent change in the metallurgical structure of the material, its purpose being to relieve stresses induced during manufacturing processes.
Stroke: The distance between the minimum and maximum working positions of a spring.
Swivel Hook: A hook (or eye) fitted to the end of an extension spring so that it is capable of rotating about the axis of the spring.
Torque (M): A twisting action in torsion springs which produces rotation. It is equal to the load multiplied by the distance (or moment arm) from the load to the axis of the spring. Generally expressed as in-lbs or N-mm.
Torsion Spring: A spring, the material of which is stressed in bending, the radial dimension reducing, and the axial dimension increasing, under the action of the applied torque.
Total Number of Coils (Nt): The sum of the number of active and inactive coils in a spring body.
Vapour Blasting: A process by which the surface of a component is modified by the action of a stream of liquid carrying solid particles of abrasive energized by compressed air. This process can remove scale, produce a clean matt surface finish and induce compressive stresses into the outer fibres of the material.
Variable Pitch Spring: A helical spring in which the pitch of the active coils is not constant.
Variable Rate Spring: A helical spring whose load deflection curve is intentionally made non-linear.
Wahl Factor: A factor to correct stress in helical springs effects of curvatures and direct shear.
