簧术语
技术弹簧词汇表
我们的弹簧术语表是一份清晰且结构化的参考指南，涵盖弹簧制造中使用的所有术语。在此，您将找到与机械弹簧工程相关的最重要术语的定义，以及相关的计算方法、公差和标准。
Active coils: Those coils of a spring that at any instant are contributing to the rate of the spring. These are the coils free to deflect under load.
有效圈数: 指弹簧在任意时刻对其刚度产生作用的线圈。这些线圈在承受载荷时可自由变形。
Angle of grind: The angle subtended by the ground end surface of the spring at the intersection of the plane of the ground surface with the major axis of the spring.
研磨角度: 是指弹簧研磨端面与弹簧主轴所在平面相交处，研磨端面所对的角度。
Angular Relationship of Ends Relative: The position of hooks or loops of an extension spring (or ends of a torsion spring) to each other.
端部相对角度关系: 指拉伸弹簧的挂钩或环（或扭转弹簧的端部）彼此之间的位置关系，核心体现为不同端部在圆周方向上的角度偏移或对位状态。
Baking: The heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.
热处理: 指对电镀后的弹簧进行加热处理的工艺，其核心目的是消除氢脆，保障弹簧的力学性能与使用安全性。
Block: See Solid Height.
弹簧块: 在弹簧领域是指实高。
Bow: The maximum deviation between any coil of a spring and a datum surface or straight edge on which the spring is laid.
弯曲度: 指弹簧放置在基准面或直尺上时，弹簧任意一个线圈与该基准面 / 直尺之间的最大偏差值，用于衡量弹簧整体的直线度或平直度误差。
Buckling: The unstable lateral distortion of the major axis of a spring when compressed. This bowing or lateral displacement of a compression spring is related to the slenderness ratio L/D.
屈曲：弹簧被压缩时主轴的不稳定的横向扭曲。压缩弹簧的弯曲或侧向位移与长细比L/D有关。
Chamfering: The removal of a corner on the inside and/or outside diameter of the ground face of a spring to clear a radius on the spring seat.
倒角: 去除弹簧表面的内径和/或外径上的拐角，以清除弹簧阀座上的半径。
Closed and Ground Ends: This is the same as Closed Ends, except the first and last coils are ground to provide a flat bearing surface. These are also referred to as Squared and Ground Ends. This type of end coil is applicable only to springs where the diameter or axial dimension of the material is 0.5 mm or greater.
并紧磨平: 与 “闭端” 类似，不同之处在于磨平闭端的第一个和最后一个线圈会被研磨，以提供一个平坦的支承表面，这种端部也被称为 “磨平并平方端”。这种类型的端圈仅适用于材料直径或轴向尺寸为 0.5 毫米或更大的弹簧。
Closed End: The end of a helical spring in which the helix angle of the end coil has been progressively reduced until the end coil touches the adjacent coil. These are also referred to as Squared Ends.
闭端: 指螺旋弹簧的一种端部结构，其端圈的螺旋角会逐步减小，直至该端圈与相邻的线圈完全接触贴合。这种端部结构也常被称为 “平方端”，是螺旋弹簧（尤其压缩弹簧）中常见的端部设计形式。
Closed Length: See Solid Height.
闭合长度: 与实高含义完全一致。
Close Wound: Adjacent coils are touching.
密绕: 指弹簧的相邻线圈在自然状态下相互接触、无间隙的绕制形式，也常被称为 “密圈绕制” 或 “无间隙绕制”。
Coils Per Inch: The number of coils in one inch.
每英寸圈数: 指弹簧在每 1 英寸长度内所含有的线圈（coil）数量。
Compression Spring: A spring whose dimension, in the direction of the applied force, reduces under the action of that force.
压缩弹簧: 一种在受力方向上的尺寸会因所受外力作用而减小的弹簧。
Compression Test: A test carried out by pressing a spring to a specified length a specified number of times.
压缩测试: 通过将弹簧按压至特定长度，并重复该操作特定次数的试验。
Coning: An operation in which the diameter of the ends of an extension or compression spring is reduced.
锥形加工: 通过特定工艺将拉伸弹簧或压缩弹簧端部的直径缩小的加工操作。
Countersink: An internal chamfer.
埋头孔: 在孔的开口端加工出的内部倒角结构。
Cramp Test: A test carried out by compressing a spring to a specified length for a defined period.
压溃测试: 指通过将弹簧压缩至特定长度，并在此长度下保持规定时间的测试。
Creep: The change in length of a spring with time when subjected to a constant force.
蠕变: 指弹簧在承受恒定外力作用时，其长度随时间推移而发生缓慢、永久性变化的现象。
Damper Coils: Coils that are active at the free length but inactive at the normal operating length.
缓冲圈: 弹簧在自由长度状态下属于有效圈（能参与刚度贡献），但在正常工作长度状态（承受设计工作载荷）下转变为无效圈（不再参与刚度贡献）的线圈。
Dead Coils: Coils of a spring that do not affect the rate of the spring.
无效圈: 指弹簧中不影响其刚度的线圈。
Deflection (F): The relative displacement of the ends of a spring under the application of a force.
挠度 (F): 弹簧在外力作用下，其两端相对产生的位移量，是衡量弹簧受载后变形程度的核心参数。
Edge Dressing: The removal of material from the outside edge of the end coils where they protrude beyond the outside diameter of the spring.
边缘修整: 对弹簧端圈超出弹簧外径的突出部分进行材料去除的加工操作。
Elastic Deformation: The deformation that takes place when a material is subjected to a stress up to its elastic limit. On removal of the force causing this deformation, the material returns to its original size and shape.
弹性变形: 材料在受到外力作用，且应力未超过其弹性极限（elastic limit） 时发生的变形。当导致变形的外力被移除后，材料能够完全恢复到初始的尺寸和形状。
Elastic Limit (also limit of proportionality): The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent deformation. It is the highest stress that can be applied to a material without producing permanent deformation.
弹性极限（又称比例极限）: 指材料在受力过程中，能够承受的最大应力值—— 当应力未超过该数值时，材料仅发生弹性变形（外力移除后可完全恢复原状态）；一旦应力超过该数值，材料会产生永久性变形（外力移除后无法恢复）。
End Fixation Factor: A factor used in the calculation of buckling to take account of the method of locating the end of the spring.
端部固定系数: 指在计算弹簧屈曲时引入的修正系数，用于量化弹簧端部的 “固定方式” 对其抗屈曲能力的影响。
Endurance Limit: The maximum stress, at a given stress ratio, at which material will operate in a given environment for a stated number of cycles without failure. This is also referred to as fatigue strength, which is a stress condition under which a material will have a life of a given number of cycles.
疲劳极限: 指材料在特定应力比和特定环境条件下，能够承受规定次数的循环载荷而不发生失效的最大应力值。它也被称为疲劳强度（Fatigue Strength）或疲劳强度（疲劳极限），本质是材料抵抗 “循环应力导致的疲劳破坏” 的临界应力阈值，直接决定了弹簧等承受交变载荷部件的使用寿命。
Extension Spring: A spring whose length, in the direction of the applied force, increases under the action of that force.
拉伸弹簧: 指在受力方向上的长度会因所受外力作用而增加的弹簧。
Fatigue: The phenomenon that gives rise to a type of failure which takes place under conditions involving repeated or fluctuating stresses below the elastic limit of the material.
疲劳: 指材料或构件在低于其弹性极限的重复或波动应力作用下，随着循环次数增加，内部逐渐产生微观损伤并累积，最终导致突然失效的现象。
Fatigue Limit: The value, which may be statistically determined, of the stress condition below which material may endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
疲劳极限: 指通过统计方法确定的应力临界值 —— 当材料承受的循环应力低于该值时，理论上可承受无限次应力循环而不发生疲劳失效。
Fatigue Test: A test to determine the number of cycles of stress that will produce failure of a component or test piece.
疲劳测试: 指通过对构件或试样施加循环应力（或循环应变），记录其从受力到发生疲劳失效所需的循环次数，从而评估材料或构件抗疲劳能力的测试方法。
Finish: A coating applied to protect or decorate springs.
表面处理: 指为弹簧施加的涂层或处理层。
Fitted Length: The length of a spring when assembled into position within a mechanism from which it is required to function.
装配长度: 指弹簧装配到机械设备的工作位置后，处于待工作状态时的实际长度。
Fixture Tempering: Restraining parts during tempering to improve dimensional control.
夹具回火：指在弹簧或零部件的回火处理过程中，通过专用夹具对其进行定位和约束，以限制加热、保温、冷却阶段的尺寸变形，最终提升零部件尺寸精度与稳定性的工艺方法。
Free Angle: The angular relationship between arms of a helical torsion spring which is not under load.
自由角度: 指螺旋扭转弹簧在无载荷作用（自由状态）下，其两端 “力臂” 之间形成的夹角。
Free Length (L): The overall length of a spring which is not under load. For extension springs, this may include the anchor ends.
自由长度(L): 指弹簧在无任何外部载荷作用（自由状态）下的总长度。对于拉伸弹簧，其自由长度通常包含两端用于连接的 “固定端”（如挂钩、圆环、螺纹接头等）的长度。
Gauging: The removal of metal from the end faces of a spring by the use of abrasive wheels to obtain a flat surface which is square with the spring axis.
测量: 指通过使用量规对物体的尺寸、形状或位置等参数进行比对检测的过程。
Gradient: See Rate.
刚度梯：弹簧在承受载荷时，单位变形量所对应的载荷变化量。
Grinding: The removal of metal from the end faces of a spring by the use of abrasive wheels to obtain a flat surface which is square with the spring axis.
端面磨削: 指通过砂轮对弹簧的端面进行金属切削加工，以获得两个关键结果的工艺：一是使端面达到平整状态，二是保证端面与弹簧的轴线垂直。
Group A springs: Springs that have or have not been stress relieved after forming.
A 组弹簧: 成型后经过或未经过去应力处理的弹簧。
Group B springs: Springs, the material of which has undergone a structural change by heat treatment after forming.
B 组弹簧: 成型后通过热处理使材料结构发生变化的弹簧。
Hand: The direction in which the helix of a spring is formed, i.e. right or left.
旋向: 指弹簧螺旋线圈成型时的环绕方向，仅分为右旋和左旋两种。
Heat Setting: A process to pre-relax a spring in order to improve stress relaxation resistance in service.
热定形: 指通过特定的加热与保温工艺，对弹簧进行预先松弛处理的加工方法。
Heat stabilization: The process of removing primary creep and inducing beneficial stresses into a spring, so that, when the spring is subjected to an operating stress and temperature, it will exhibit improved stress temperature relaxation properties.
热稳定处理: 指通过特定加热与应力调控工艺，实现两个核心目标的弹簧处理技术：一是消除材料的初始蠕变，二是在弹簧内部引入有益应力。最终目的是让弹簧在服役过程中（承受工作应力与温度），显著提升抗应力 - 温度松弛性能确保长期使用中弹力与尺寸的稳定性。
Helical Spring: A spring made by forming material into a helix. This category includes compression, extension and torsion springs.
螺旋弹簧: 指通过将材料（通常为金属线材）加工成螺旋状而制成的弹簧，是弹簧领域中最通用、应用最广泛的类别。其核心特征是 “螺旋结构”，根据受力与变形方式的不同，可进一步细分为压缩弹簧、拉伸弹簧和扭转弹簧三大类。
Helix Angle: The angle of the helix of a helical coil spring.
螺旋角: 指螺旋线圈弹簧（如压缩弹簧、拉伸弹簧）的螺旋线与弹簧轴线之间形成的夹角。
Hooks: Open loops or ends of extension springs that are generally longer than a standard loops.
挂钩: 指拉伸弹簧端部用于连接外部结构的开口式环圈或延伸段，其核心特征是 “长度通常大于标准环圈”，且形态多为开口设计（非闭合环状）。
Hysteresis: The lagging of the effect behind the cause of the effect. It is mechanical energy loss occurring during loading and unloading of a spring within the elastic range and is illustrated by the area between load-deflection curves.
滞后现象: 指效应滞后于产生该效应的原因的现象。在弹簧的弹性范围内进行加载和卸载时，会产生机械能损耗，这种损耗可通过载荷 - 挠度曲线之间的面积来体现。
Index: The ratio of the mean coil diameter of a spring to the material diameter for circular sections or radial width of cross-section for rectangular or trapezoidal sections. Also referred to as Spring Index.
弹簧指数: 又称旋绕比，是衡量螺旋弹簧（如压缩、拉伸、扭转弹簧）几何结构合理性的核心参数，定义为弹簧中径与材料截面尺寸的比值。
Initial Tension (Pi): The part of the force exerted, when a close coiled spring is axially extended, that is not attributable to the product of the theoretical rate and the measured deflection. This force tends to keep coils of a close wound extension spring closed and must be overcome before the coils start to open.
初始张力(Pi): 指密绕拉伸弹簧在轴向拉伸时，初始阶段产生的、无法通过 “理论刚度 × 实测变形量” 计算的那部分力。其本质是弹簧在制造过程中（密绕成型）线圈间自然形成的 “预紧力”，作用是使密绕的线圈保持闭合状态，必须先克服这部分力，弹簧的线圈才会开始分离并产生进一步的拉伸变形。
Inside coil diameter of a spring: The diameter of the cylindrical envelope formed by the inside surface of the coils of a spring.
弹簧内径: 指由弹簧线圈内表面所围成的圆柱形空间的直径，即通过线圈内侧最边缘、垂直于弹簧轴线的圆的直径。
Linearity: The degree by which the force-deflection curve of a spring approaches a straight line.
线性度: 指弹簧的力 - 变形曲线接近直线的程度。
Load Test: A test on a spring to determine either the force at a given length or the length under a given force.
载荷测试: 指通过对弹簧施加载荷并测量响应，以确定 “特定长度下的力” 或 “特定力下的长度” 的检测试验。
Loop (eye, hook): The formed anchoring point of a helical spring or wire form. When applied to an extension spring, it is usually called a loop. If closed, it may be termed an eye and if partially open may be termed a hook. Loops are circular formed ends that provide a means for attachment.
环圈 / 钩环: 指螺旋弹簧或线材成型件端部用于固定或连接的成型结构，是弹簧与外部部件（如支架、销轴）的 “连接接口”。根据结构闭合程度，可细分为 “环圈”“孔眼”“挂钩”，核心功能是传递力并确保连接稳定。
Mean Coil Diameter (M): The average diameter of the mass of spring material, equal to one-half the sum of the outside and inside diameters. In a helical spring, this is the equivalent to the outside diameter minus one wire diameter. It is also defined as the mean diameter of the outside coil diameter and inside coil diameter of a spring, calculated as D_o - d.
弹簧中径(M): 指弹簧材料质量分布的平均直径，本质是螺旋线圈横截面圆心所围成圆周的直径。其核心定义可通过两种等价方式表述：一是弹簧外径与内径之和的一半，二是弹簧外径减去单根材料线径（或内径加上单根材料线径）。作为弹簧最关键的几何参数之一，它直接关联弹簧的刚度、绕制工艺与装配空间适配性。
Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range. This is also known as Young's modulus (E) and that in shear as the modulus of rigidity (G).
弹性模量: 指材料在弹性范围内，所受 “应力（单位面积的力）” 与产生的 “应变（单位长度的变形）” 的比值，是衡量材料抵抗弹性变形能力的核心物理属性。
Modulus in Shear or Torsion (G): (Modulus of Rigidity) The coefficient of stiffness used for compression and extension springs.
剪切模量 / 扭转模量(G): 剪切模量的本质是材料对 “平行于受力面的相对滑动变形” 的抵抗能力，需通过 “剪切应力” 与 “剪切应变” 的比值量化。
Modulus in Tension or Bending (E): (Young's Modulus) The coefficient of stiffness used for torsion or flat springs.
Modulus in Tension or Bending (E): 又称杨氏模量（Young's Modulus），是衡量材料抵抗拉伸或弯曲变形能力的核心物理量。
Moment (M): A product of the distance from the spring axis to the point of load application, and the force component normal to the distance line.
力矩 (M): 指在弹簧受力分析中，载荷作用点到弹簧轴线的距离与垂直于该距离方向的力分量的乘积。
Natural Frequency: The frequency at which a spring will freely vibrate once it has been excited. It is also defined as the lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring vibrating between its own ends.
固有频率: 指弹簧在受到外部激励（如冲击、位移扰动）后，去除激励源仍能自由振动的频率，也是弹簧自身固有的、最低的自由振动速率（振动仅发生在弹簧两端之间，无外部约束干扰）。它是衡量弹簧动态性能的核心指标，直接决定弹簧在振动环境下是否会发生 “共振”，进而影响其稳定性与寿命。
Open End: The end of an open coiled helical spring in which the helix angle of the end coil has not been progressively reduced.
开口端: 指开绕螺旋弹簧的端部，其核心特征是端部线圈的螺旋角未进行渐进式减小处理—— 即端部线圈与弹簧主体线圈的螺旋角保持一致，无额外的 “收束” 或 “过渡” 设计，线圈在端部直接终止。
Outside Coil Diameter: The diameter of the cylindrical envelope formed by the outside surface of the coils of a spring.
弹簧外径: 指由弹簧线圈外表面所围成的圆柱形空间的直径，即通过线圈外侧最边缘、垂直于弹簧轴线的圆的直径。
Parallelism: The degree to which the two ground ends of a spring are parallel to each other.
平行度: 指弹簧两个磨平端面之间相互平行的程度，是衡量弹簧端部加工精度的核心几何公差指标。
Passivation: An acid treatment for stainless steel which removes iron deposits and improves corrosion resistance.
钝化处理: 指针对不锈钢材料的一种酸性化学处理工艺，其核心作用是去除不锈钢表面的铁杂质（如加工过程中附着的游离铁、氧化皮），并在材料表面形成一层致密、稳定的氧化保护膜（主要成分为铬氧化物），最终显著提升不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能。
Patenting: The process of heating carbon steel above its critical temperature and cooling at a controlled rate to achieve a fine paralytic microstructure.
铅淬处理: 指针对碳钢材料的一种精密热处理工艺，核心流程是将碳钢加热至其 “临界点以上温度”（完全奥氏体化温度），保温一段时间后，以受控的冷却速率（通常为快速冷却）使材料形成 “细晶粒索氏体组织”（原文 “paralytic” 为表述误差，正确术语为 “sorbite，索氏体”）。
Permanent Set: The permanent deformation of a spring after the application and removal of a force. This is a change of length, height or position after a spring is stressed beyond the material's elastic limit.
永久变形: 指弹簧在承受外力并移除该力后，仍保留的不可恢复的变形量。其本质是弹簧受力超过材料 “弹性极限” 后，内部产生不可逆的晶体结构变化（如位错滑移），导致弹簧的长度、高度或位置无法恢复到初始状态，是衡量弹簧材料抗过载能力与使用寿命的关键指标。
Pitch (p): The distance from any point in the section of one coil to the corresponding point in the next coil when measured parallel to the axis of the spring. For an open-wound spring, it is the distance from center to center of wire in adjacent coils.
节距 (p): 指沿弹簧轴线方向测量时，一个线圈截面上任意一点到相邻线圈对应点的距离。对于开绕弹簧（open-wound spring），节距特指相邻线圈线材 “中心到中心” 的轴向距离。它是描述螺旋弹簧线圈分布密度的核心几何参数，直接影响弹簧的自由长度、有效圈数与压缩 / 拉伸行程。
Plain Ends: End coils of a helical spring having a constant pitch and ends not squared.
平端: 指螺旋弹簧的端部线圈，其核心特征是节距与主体线圈保持一致（无变化），且端部未进行 “切平（squaring）” 处理。
Plain Ends, Ground: Same as Plain Ends, except wire ends are ground square with the axis.
平端磨平: 指在 “平端（Plain Ends）” 基础上增加了端部线材磨削处理的螺旋弹簧端部形式。
Preset: See Set Removal.
预压处理: 又称 “去永久变形处理（Set Removal）”。
Prestressing or scragging: A process during which internal stresses are induced into a spring. It is achieved by subjecting the spring to a stress greater than that to which it is subjected under working conditions and higher than the elastic limit of the material. The elastic deformation will reduce the prestress and improve stress temperature relaxation properties.
预应力处理 / 强拉（压）处理: 指通过对弹簧施加超过其工作应力、且高于材料弹性极限的应力，在弹簧内部主动诱导产生 “残余压应力” 的工艺过程。该工艺的核心目的是通过主动引发可控的塑性变形，优化弹簧内部应力分布，最终提升其抗疲劳性能、减少应力松弛（尤其在温度变化环境下），是高可靠性弹簧（如汽车、航空航天用弹簧）制造中的关键强化工序。
Rate(R) (also stiffness): The force that has to be applied in order to produce unit deflection. Generally expressed as Lbs/in or N/mm. Also referred to as Gradient.
刚度（Rate, 符号 R）: 劲度系数或梯度（Gradient），指为使弹簧产生单位变形量（如 1 毫米或 1 英寸） 所需施加的力。
Relaxation: Loss of force of a spring with time when deflected to a fixed position. The degree of relaxation is dependent upon, and increases with, the magnitude of stress, temperature and time.
应力松弛: 指弹簧被压缩或拉伸至固定变形位置后，随着时间推移，其产生的弹力（或力矩）逐渐减小的现象。
Residual Range: The deflection of a spring available beyond the maximum working position up to the solid position.
剩余行程: 指弹簧从最大工作位置（弹簧在正常工作中所能达到的最大变形位置）继续变形，直至并紧位置（solid position，弹簧线圈完全接触、无法再进一步变形的极限位置）时，所剩余的可变形量。
Residual Stress: Stress mechanically induced by such means as set removal, shot-peening, cold working, or forming. It may be beneficial or not, depending on the spring application.
残余应力: 指通过机械手段（如去永久变形处理、喷丸处理、冷加工或成型加工）在弹簧内部诱导产生的、无外部载荷时仍持续存在的内应力。
Safe Deflection: The maximum deflection that can be applied to a spring without exceeding the elastic limit of the material.
安全变形量: 指在不超过材料弹性极限的前提下，弹簧所能承受的最大变形量。
Screw Insert: A plug screwed into the ends of a helical extension spring as a means of attaching a spring to another component. The plug has an external thread, the diameter, pitch and form of which match those of the spring.
螺纹嵌塞: 特指用于螺旋拉伸弹簧端部的一种带外螺纹的 “塞状连接件”，其核心设计是：嵌塞的外螺纹直径、节距与牙型，均与拉伸弹簧线圈的内螺纹（由弹簧自身螺旋结构形成）完全匹配，通过螺纹旋合固定在弹簧端部，最终作为弹簧与其他部件（如设备支架、传动件）的连接媒介。
Set Permanent: Change of length, height or position after a spring is stressed beyond material's elastic limit.
永久变形: 指弹簧承受的应力超过材料弹性极限后，即使移除载荷，仍无法恢复到初始状态，而保留的长度、高度或位置的不可逆变化量。
Set Point: Stress at which some arbitrarily chosen amount of set (usually 2%) occurs. Set percentage is the set divided by the deflection which produced it.
屈服点 / 变形设定点: 指弹簧材料或弹簧整体产生任意选定的永久变形量（行业中通常取 2%） 时，所对应的应力值。
Set Removal: An operation which causes a permanent loss of length or height due to spring deflection.
去永久变形处理: 指通过对弹簧施加特定变形（通常为超过常规工作变形的压力或拉力），主动使其产生可控的、微小的永久长度 / 高度损失的工艺操作。
Shot Peening: A cold working process in which shot is impacted on the surfaces of springs thereby inducing beneficial stresses in the outside fibres of the material. This improves fatigue life. The algebraic sum of residual and applied stresses in the outside fibres is lower than the applied stress, resulting in improved fatigue life.
喷丸处理: 指一种通过高速喷射弹丸（shot，如钢丸、玻璃丸） 撞击弹簧表面的冷加工工艺。其核心作用是在弹簧表层材料中诱导产生有益的残余压应力，通过降低表层 “残余应力与工作应力的叠加值”，显著提升弹簧的抗疲劳性能，延长其使用寿命，是高应力、长寿命弹簧（如汽车发动机气门弹簧、航空航天用弹簧）制造中的关键强化工序。
Slenderness Ratio: Ratio of spring length to mean diameter L/D in helical springs.
长径比: 特指螺旋弹簧的自由长度（L）与弹簧中径（D，Mean Diameter）的比值。
Solid Force: The theoretical force of a spring when compressed to its solid length.
并紧力: 指螺旋压缩弹簧被压缩至并紧长度（Solid Length，即线圈完全贴合、无法再进一步压缩的极限长度） 时，理论上所产生的反作用力。
Solid Height (H): The length of a compression spring when deflected under sufficient load to bring all adjacent coils into contact - no additional deflection is possible. Also referred to as Block and Closed Length.
并紧高度(H): 又称压并高度或闭合长度（Block/Closed Length），指螺旋压缩弹簧在足够大的载荷作用下，所有相邻线圈完全贴合（无任何间隙） 时的总长度。
Solid Length: The overall length of a helical spring when each and every coil is in contact.
并紧长度: 指螺旋弹簧（包括压缩弹簧、拉伸弹簧等）在外部载荷作用下，所有线圈（无论是有效工作线圈还是端部支撑线圈）完全相互接触、无任何间隙时的总长度。
Space (also coil gap space): The distance between one coil and the next coil in an open coiled helical spring measured parallel to the axis of the spring.
线圈间隙: 指开圈螺旋弹簧（Open-Coiled Helical Spring，线圈间存在自然间隙、非紧密贴合的螺旋弹簧）中，相邻两圈线圈的对应点之间，平行于弹簧轴线方向测量的距离。
Spiral Springs: Springs formed from flat strip or wire wound in the form of a spiral, loaded by torque about an axis normal to the plane of the spiral.
螺旋弹簧: 指由扁平带材或线材卷绕成 “平面螺旋状” 结构的弹簧，其核心受力方式是通过绕 “垂直于螺旋平面的轴线” 施加扭矩（Torque）来实现变形与储能，外力移除后通过自身弹性恢复释放扭矩。
Spring Index: Ratio of mean diameter to wire diameter.
弹簧指数: 指螺旋弹簧的中径（Mean Diameter，即线圈的平均直径）与线材直径（Wire Diameter）的比值。
Spring Seat: Part of a mechanism that receives the ends of a spring and which may include a bore or spigot to centralize the spring.
弹簧座: 指机械设备中用于承接弹簧端部的专用部件，其核心功能是为弹簧提供稳定的支撑与定位，部分设计还集成了 “对中结构”（如内孔、凸台），确保弹簧在受力变形过程中始终沿轴向运动，避免侧向偏移或倾斜。
Squareness: The maximum out-of-alignment of one end of a spring from the other. It is the angular deviation between the axis of a compression spring in a free state and a line normal to the end planes. It is measured by standing the spring on a datum surface and measuring the maximum deviation of the coil from a square edge.
垂直度: 指螺旋压缩弹簧在自由状态下，两端面的对中性偏差，具体定义为：弹簧轴线与两端面 “法线”（垂直于端面的直线）之间的最大角度偏差。其测量方式通常为：将弹簧直立在基准平面（如平板）上，以垂直于基准面的直线为 “标准方棱”，测量弹簧线圈偏离该方棱的最大距离，再通过几何关系换算为角度偏差，是评估压缩弹簧端部平整度与轴线直线度的关键几何精度指标。
Squareness Under Load: Same as Squareness but measured while there is a load applied to the spring.
受载垂直度: 指螺旋压缩弹簧在承受指定工作载荷（或特定比例载荷）的状态下，两端面的对中性偏差，其定义逻辑与 “自由状态垂直度” 一致 —— 即弹簧受载后的轴线与两端面法线（垂直于端面的直线）之间的最大角度偏差。
Stress (also bending stress, shear stress): Force divided by the area over which it acts. For torsion springs, it is in torsion or shear; for compression and extension springs, it is in bending.
应力: 指物体单位面积上所承受的内力，计算公式为：应力（σ/τ）= 作用力（F/T）÷ 受力面积（A）。在弹簧领域，应力的类型随弹簧受力形式不同而变化：扭转弹簧承受扭矩，主要产生剪切应力；压缩弹簧与拉伸弹簧承受轴向力，线圈发生弯曲变形，主要产生弯曲应力。它是判断弹簧材料是否过载、是否会产生永久变形或断裂的核心力学指标。
Stress Correction Factor: A factor that is introduced to make allowance for the fact that the distribution of shear stress across the wire diameter is non-uniform. The stress is higher on the inside of the coil than it is on the outside.
应力修正系数: 指在计算螺旋弹簧（尤其是压缩、拉伸弹簧）应力时，为修正 “线材横截面剪切应力分布不均匀” 而引入的系数。
Stress Range: The difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads. It is the difference between the stresses induced by the minimum and maximum applied forces in a component subjected to cyclic loading.
应力范围: 指弹簧在循环载荷作用下，承受最小工作载荷时的应力（最小工作应力）与承受最大工作载荷时的应力（最大工作应力）之间的差值。
Stress Ratio: Minimum stress divided by maximum stress.
应力比: 指弹簧在循环载荷作用下，最小工作应力与最大工作应力的比值。
Stress Relief: A low temperature heat treatment given springs to relieve residual stresses produced by prior cold forming. This is also referred to as Stress Relieving, which is low temperature heat treatment carried out at temperatures where there is no apparent change in the metallurgical structure of the material, its purpose being to relieve stresses induced during manufacturing processes.
应力消除: 指针对弹簧实施的低温热处理工艺，核心目的是消除弹簧在前期冷成型（如冷卷制、冷拉拔、冷压型）过程中产生的残余应力；其关键特征是处理温度处于 “材料金相组织无明显变化” 的区间，仅通过温和的热作用释放内应力，不改变弹簧的核心力学性能（如硬度、弹性极限），是弹簧制造中保障尺寸稳定性与疲劳寿命的核心工序。
Stroke: The distance between the minimum and maximum working positions of a spring.
行程: 指弹簧在正常工作过程中，从最小工作位置（承受最小工作载荷时的位置）到最大工作位置（承受最大工作载荷时的位置）之间的轴向距离。
Swivel Hook: A hook (or eye) fitted to the end of an extension spring so that it is capable of rotating about the axis of the spring.
旋转挂钩: 指装配在拉伸弹簧端部的一种可旋转连接件，其核心特征是能围绕弹簧的中心轴线自由转动（360° 旋转），避免弹簧在拉伸变形或设备振动过程中因 “扭矩束缚” 产生附加扭转应力，同时确保挂钩与外部连接部件（如吊环、支架）始终保持贴合，提升连接稳定性与弹簧使用寿命。
Torque (M): A twisting action in torsion springs which produces rotation. It is equal to the load multiplied by the distance (or moment arm) from the load to the axis of the spring. Generally expressed as in-lbs or N-mm.
扭矩 (M): 指作用于扭转弹簧的扭转作用力，其核心功能是使弹簧产生绕自身轴线的旋转变形。在力学层面，扭矩的大小等于外部载荷与力臂（载荷作用点到弹簧轴线的垂直距离）的乘积，计算公式为：扭矩 = 载荷 × 力臂。它是衡量扭转弹簧 “旋转驱动能力” 与 “能量储存潜力” 的核心指标，常用单位为英寸 - 磅（in-lbs）或牛顿 - 毫米（N-mm）。
Torsion Spring: A spring, the material of which is stressed in bending, the radial dimension reducing, and the axial dimension increasing, under the action of the applied torque.
扭转弹簧: 指一种在外部扭矩作用下，材料主要承受弯曲应力、同时伴随 “径向尺寸缩小、轴向尺寸增大” 变形特征的弹簧。
Total Number of Coils (Nt): The sum of the number of active and inactive coils in a spring body.
总圈数(Nt): 指弹簧主体（线圈部分）中有效圈数（Active Coils）与无效圈数（Inactive Coils）的总和。
Vapour Blasting: A process by which the surface of a component is modified by the action of a stream of liquid carrying solid particles of abrasive energized by compressed air. This process can remove scale, produce a clean matt surface finish and induce compressive stresses into the outer fibres of the material.
蒸汽喷砂: 又称 “湿喷砂” 或 “液体喷砂”，是一种通过压缩空气驱动含固体磨料的液体流作用于工件表面，实现表面改性的工艺。其核心原理是利用高速喷射的 “液 - 固混合流” 对表面产生冲击、研磨作用，可同时达成 “除氧化皮 / 污垢”“制备哑光表面”“在材料表层引入压应力” 三大核心效果，广泛应用于弹簧、航空零部件、医疗器械等对表面质量与疲劳性能有高要求的场景。
Variable Pitch Spring: A helical spring in which the pitch of the active coils is not constant.
变节距弹簧: 指一种螺旋弹簧，其核心特征是有效线圈的节距（相邻两线圈中心线之间的轴向距离）不恒定，而是根据设计需求呈现规律或非规律的变化（如递增、递减、分段变化等）。
Variable Rate Spring: A helical spring whose load deflection curve is intentionally made non-linear.
变刚度弹簧: 指一种螺旋弹簧，其核心特征是通过特殊设计（如节距变化、线圈直径变化、材料分布调整等），使 “载荷 - 变形曲线”（反映载荷与压缩 / 拉伸变形量关系的曲线）呈非直线形态，即刚度（单位变形量所需载荷）随变形量主动变化，而非恒定值。
Wahl Factor: A factor to correct stress in helical springs effects of curvatures and direct shear.
沃尔系数: 又称 “Wahl 修正系数”，是用于修正螺旋弹簧应力计算结果的关键系数。
